Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 1 Protein (CXCL1) is a growth factor for melanoma cells and a chemotaxin for neutrophils and a member of the CXC chemokine family that is a potent neutrophil attractant and activator and is also active toward basophils. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells; it has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a critical nonredundant role in the development of experimental Lyme arthritis and carditis via CXCR2-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the site of infection and may also have important pro-nociceptive effects via its direct actions on sensory neurons, and may induce long-term changes that involve protein synthesis.